Thursday, October 31, 2019

NIKE Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

NIKE - Case Study Example the years, Nike has not only augmented its technological expertise as well as marketing know-how to develop into the world’s biggest footwear and apparel business, but has also outperformed potential players like Adidas and Reebok (Keller, 2008, p.125). Being a colossal corporation it towers above every competitor in its sector with such a stupendous effect that regardless of the sport, it is likely that Nike along with its ‘swoosh’ logo will be there (Frisch, 2008, p.5). Taking into consideration Nike’s astounding track record, this report will aim at shedding light on various branding issues associated with it. Nike’s headquarters, located in Portland, provides a snippet view of the company’s strong brand image. The World Campus of the sports and apparel powerhouse that sprawls over an area of 75 acres does not have a nameplate on its entrance. The occupants of the site can be identified by the red ‘swoosh’ – Nike’s globally renowned logo – which also appears on all the physical entities within the premises (Stonehouse, Campbell, Hamill & Purdie, 2004, p.440). However, Nike’s outstanding stature may be justified by the fact that out of a strong sense of loyalty to this company, some of the employees have tattooed a ‘swoosh’ on their bodies. It goes without saying that Nike has a robust brand image which is bolstered further due to the company’s reputation for innovation as well as unmatched quality. Constant product development, which takes place at Nike because Knight considers that the industry has 7 year brand cy cles, makes the company outstanding (Stonehouse et al., 2004, p.441). The figure appended above illustrates the value chain of Nike in terms of its production and supply chain. While the research and development (R&D) functions of the organisation are centralised, most of its production facilities are located in Europe and Asia. However, during late 1990s, dubious employment practices coupled with low wages as well as

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Google in the Mobile Handset Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Google in the Mobile Handset Market - Essay Example erious matter of market debate that Google’s decision to access mobile handset market with its ‘Nexus One’ can be a ‘next one’ revolution in the consumer technology. This piece of research work presents a market analysis of Google’s Nexus One mobile handset with different tools like SWOT, PESTEL and five force analyses. This work focuses on the growth and expansion of Google’s new mobile brand, the competitive environment and its effect on the business and how can Google deal with opportunities and threats. Google is very strong brand with $125 billion worth and an annual revenue of $10 billion. Google’s access to mobile handset market with its Nexus one’ Android phone shows that it is right time to come to dominate the market. David (2010) finds that there is plenty room for every Smartphone marketer to grow. There can be various diversities that consumers are highly demanding for it. By 2012, American smart-phone sales will reach 525 million making up of all cell-phones sold. There are amble opportunities for brands to thrive. In the next three month, around 20 % of Americans are planning to buy an iPhone, and a surging 17% are aiming at purchasing an Android product. Google’s new Nexus One can enhance those numbers since it runs on Android system (Christian Science Monitor, MasterFILE Premier). According to latest data from comScore, Apple’s and Google’s market share of the smart-phone in inching up while other leading brands like RIM are slowly loosing (Cheng, 2010, arstechnica.com). Cheng (2010) figured out that from September 2009 to December 2009, the overall market trend was very positive to Google. RIM and Microsoft have lost around 1 % in its sales and Palm has reduced sale by around 2.2 %, Apple’s Smart-phone was up by 1.2 % and Google’s smart-phone reported a 2.7 % increases in its market share (Cheng, 2010,arstechnica.com). SWOT analysis is conducted to present an analysis of the current position of the business and it

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Sears lack of employee involvement and empowerment

Sears lack of employee involvement and empowerment Sears is a leading retailer providing merchandise and various services, which offers a wide variety of products with more than 2,300 stores in the U.S. and Canada (Sears home page). The company has a strong cultural base with effective operation systems, of which internal and external environment scans can be identified with a SWOT analysis. Internal Strengths Since established in 1886, Sears has developed a strong retail network with extensive customer database of more than 60 million Sears credit card holders (Prentice-Hall, 2003). The company has gained good reputation as a reliable retailer and great trust from consumers thanks to its flexibility in identifying need and adapting strategies to provide best service (Rucci et al., 1998). Even during the crisis period, consumers faith was basically unchanged. It has many nation-wide known brand names with focused range of products and attracts large attention from both male and female customers. Internal surveys also revealed that employees had high expectation from the company and great desire to contribute to the companys success. Internal Weaknesses During the 1980s, the company expanded its business into other fields, for instance insurance, investment and banking, real estate, which resulted in loosing strength and prestige position in its core business as a retailer (Rucci et al., 1998). It was no longer the leading company in retailing but ranked number three after Wal Mart Stores, Inc. and Kmart Corporation. Lack of focus made the company fail to follow new trends in selling and respond quickly to changes in the marketplace. Another problem was the inappropriate attitude towards consumers. The senior managers in the head office were said not to listen to customers need, which resulted in high proportion of dissatisfaction. Other factors, for instance, low inventory turnover, bad service and poor sales companion also contributed to the companys downturn. Opportunities: The company started to realise the importance of female customers and changed the image of a mans store to attract more women by offering new ranges of apparel and cosmetics (Rucci et al., 1998). On the other hand, the application of the employee customer profit chain had positive effect on operation as employee satisfaction on the Sears TPI was high and employees were highly aware of the need for performance improvement. The development of learning maps, town hall meetings, and later maps, including Voices of our customers, The Sears money flow and Ownership, seemed to significantly promote learning environment in the organisation and enhance realistic action. External Threats: The intense competition in retailing was a comparatively significant threat to the company. The industry with a variety of old names like Wal Mart and Kmart as well as new arrivals caused great pressure for Sears to compete and required the company to apply the most suitable strategies without fault to survive and develop. Main issues In a previous study, Sears used an employee-customer-profit chain to collect data from up to 800 stores and found that a five percent increase in employee satisfaction drives a 1.3 percent in customer satisfaction, which results in 0.5 percent increase in revenue growth (Rucci et al. 1998). Thus, the company itself realised the necessity to employees attitude improvement. Although the company was on the fast track of recovery, there were still many issues to be identified and tackled in order to achieve sustainable growth as described in Rucci et al. (1998). First, lack of communication and cooperation between different departments and functions in the company resulted in poor operation efficiency. Customers satisfaction had decreased significantly and it was frontline employees who seemed to know this situation the best. However, they had little opportunity to deliver their messages to the management. The next problem was lack of employee involvement and empowerment. The companys strategies and expectations were poorly transferred through to them, and thus, they were lost in ambiguity about the tasks they were assigned. Moreover, employees are not given enough creative power to have influence on the shaping of companys future. Moreover, employees had to opportunity and support to realise their personal goals. The company aimed to create a compelling and motivated working environment. In reality, however, they still had a long way to go. To some extent, the old control and command culture had prevented the company from advanced development and employees were not highly valued enough as an ultimate resource in the organisation. Misunderstanding was another major issue which the company had to pay much attention to. According to a survey conducted by Sears itself, employees believed that Sears made profit of 45 cents on each dollar while the real figure was 2 cents. This was seen as a barrier to trust. While the company had to implement some changes in operation such as cost cuttings and reduced rewards to cope with crisis, employees might oppose them because they thought the company was doing well. Consequently, there was a lack of sense of urgency and commitment to change through the company. Another point is that the company should have invested more on develop their reward practices although the company was in a crisis and struggling to survive. It becomes even more important to have reward strategies supporting business objectives during hard times as they will strengthen existing resources and help the company overcome difficulties (CIPD, 2009). Approach to reward management With the emergence of the global knowledge and service oriented economy, more attention has been paid to the value of human resource to improve operation capability and create sustainable competitive advantages (Thompson, 2002). However, it is increasingly challenging to attract, motivate and retain employees with the most appropriate reward strategy which can maximise the benefits and perceived value of the rewards at an affordable cost to the company. Although managers at Sears recognised the significance of reward management and executive incentives were based on both financial and non financial performance, they still lack of a systematic approach to the issue. Consequently, a total reward system consisting of financial and non-financial, direct as well as indirect, intrinsic and extrinsic rewards is what Sears needs to improve reward and compensation strategies and reinforce its core values. Total reward, as defined by CIPD (2011), is a concept that encompasses all aspects of work that are valued by employees, including elements such as learning and development opportunities and/or an attractive working environment, in addition to the wider pay and benefits package. Under this concept, employees are empowered and engaged in operation, and can have positive attitudes towards the company. In return, employers get to know more about staffs work life and receive commitment and high performance from employees (Zhou, Qian, Qi Lei, 2009). A useful total reward model was developed by WorldatWork (2006) with five elements as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Elements of Total rewards (adapted from worldatwork.org) Total reward approach helps to allocate resources properly and guarantees that all aspects of reward offering are monitored and utilised (CIPD, 2009). When all elements are delivered, employees are increasingly motivated and satisfied with the package, and thus, more engaged in fulfilling responsibilities, improve customer service and enhance performance. The company may choose different strategies from each element to give employees offers aiming at attracting, motivating and retaining them. Compensation It is widely recognised that pay plays the most important role in staff recruitment, motivation and retention process (CIPD Mercer, 2010). Pay at least needs to be set at a reasonable rate to render employees effort and contribution. Apart from fixed pay, employees can earn bonuses for better than expected performances or results achieved. It is especially suitable for Sears where bonuses can encourage employees to perform better and improve customers experience. It also keeps the companys reward package stay competitive against that of other retailers. Benefits The company needs to design a flexible benefit programme, which is available to all levels of employees, to supplement cash compensation and promote the companys image. The offerings may contain: social insurance (e.g. social security, unemployment benefits, shopping discounts, workers compensation,), group insurance (e.g. life insurance, savings, health vouchers) and paid leave (e.g. sickness, holidays, vacation). Good benefits may assist employees in avoiding financial risks and obtaining a stable life, while at the same time, mirror the companys positive values and deliver promising messages to its stakeholders (WorldatWork, 2006). Moreover, well-designed benefits schemes can even lower the expenses and make some savings (Silverman Reilly, 2003). The company can attract employees attention to the most cost effective benefits, for instance, discounted gym membership, child care facilities or cheap loans. Benefits can also be designed as a percentage of salary, then the company may avoid the fluctuation of benefit cost and transfer part of this risk to employees. For instance, employees may choose to withdraw a cash allowance of four percent of salary each year, or invest it in a health and well-being programme offered by the company. Work-Life It contains the experienced working reality in the company, which includes the physical and emotional environment (Higgs, 2006). Policies are designed with an aim to support employees to get the balance and success both at home and in the workplace. In order to achieve this element, the company needs to have an open management style in which everyone is highly involved as a strong community and empowered. There should be flexibility at workplace and great concern from management about employees health and well being, with occasional financial support, if necessarily. Performance and Recognition Performance: This is a significant component in determining the companys success, in which performance of all employees is assessed to evaluate the efficiency. The management as well as employees must invest properly on planning process to link expectations with individual, team and organisational goals. Then, feedbacks are provided to all levels of staff to examine whether performance is up to expectations and goals or not. Appropriate feedback is important as it can motivate employees and improve their working efficiency. Recognition: After performance has been assessed, recognition is psychologically necessary to appreciate ones efforts and acknowledge his/ her contributions. Public recognition is important as it not only affects ones behaviour but also has impact on the others as well (Wiscombe, 2002). Awards can be cash or non-cash (e.g. certificates, restaurant or movie tickets, verbal or written notes of thanks). It is crucial that recognition be proper and fair as the company can gain greater employees loyalty and commitment with such programmes (Boxall Purcell, 2008). Development and Career Opportunities The company is supposed to provide employees with continuous development to enhance their skills and competence as it is an important part in the psychological contract between both sides (CIPD, 2009). On the other hand, a plan for career advancement not only makes employees be more responsible to their work but also deliver greater value to the company (Higgs, 2006). For development strategies, the company may offer different learning opportunities, for instance, short term training courses, on the job learning, coaching and mentoring, leadership development. As Sears already has a corporate university, more employees should be given the chance to attend it rather than managers only. For advanced opportunities, the company may offer some internships, apprenticeships with experts, attendance on meetings and lunches with senior managers for best performers. Each employee will be consulted with individual career ladder plans so that he/ she can know clearly what to do to be promoted. The company should also consider about succession planning to prevent job gaps and operation disruption. Elements to consider Although Total Reward has been proved to be effective in many companies already, it is necessary for implementers to apply its elements in correspondence with each companys specific situation. Contractual arrangements The company must regulate clearly what benefits are offered to employees in the contract to avoid any ambiguity or misunderstanding in reward strategies. Besides, as employees may change their choices or obtain new benefits regularly, the contract needs amending accordingly. Communication to employees It is important that the company deliver the right messages to its workforce explicitly or implicitly to obtain sustainable high-performance (CIPD, 2011). The company must provide employees with enough information about benefits schemes and update regularly about new policies or offers in different forms, for instance, through intranet, posters, emails and in verbal. As many people tend not to see the true value of benefits realistically, good communication may help them to get an idea of basic mechanics of the plans and their operation (Silverman Reilly, 2003). Managers can discuss with their staffs about salary progression, potential for higher salaries, promotion possibility to give them clear vision and expectations of what they can have and how to get these benefits (Armstrong Murlis, 2004). Valuation of benefits Evaluation of the benefits schemes before and after deployment is crucial to achieve the best efficiency. Reward practitioners need to design a plan which is both cost-effective for the company and advantageous to employees. After execution, the outcomes need to be reviewed and lessons are to be learned for improvements. Cultural dynamics Reward management must be considered in the context of the organisations culture (Armstrong Brown, 2006). Companies have different styles of work culture, which significantly affect the way employees work and behave. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the companys culture thoroughly before deciding the type of reward strategy and ways to deliver them to employees. Conclusion This paper attempts to analyse Sears case study with some key drivers for change and main issues, then propose an applicable model for implementing reward management at the company. Given the urgent need to design and deploy applicable strategies for the company to follow, it is hoped that the proposal bring about expected outcomes for the companys sustainable growth in the future. Word count:

Friday, October 25, 2019

Television and Media - The Power of Advertising :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Power of Advertising Advertising has an influence on everyone in one way or another, but it especially has had an influence on my children. Catchy jingles, cute slogans, and cartoon characters are all key factors that have hooked my children on certain products. Advertising influences the toys they want, the clothes they wear, and the food they eat. Advertising influences my children's choice of toys. If a television commercial displays children laughing and playing, my children think it must be a great toy, regardless of the type. For example, my three-year-old desperately wants a skateboard for Christmas. Every time he sees a skateboard commercial, he gets excited. He believes that if he had a skateboard, he would instantly have the same fun and skill as the boys on television. He also wants a fingernail kit. He does not know what a fingernail kit is, but he likes the glitter and stickers the commercial shows. The more appealing the commercial is, the more he wants the toy. Another influence advertising has had is on the clothes my children want to wear. Clothes from Wal-Mart and K-Mart are no longer satisfactory. Brand names such as GAP, Tommy Hilfiger, and American Eagle are much more appealing to them. My teenage daughter is constantly looking through catalogs and magazines, examining each outfit down to the last detail. She is continuously wanting to change her wardrobe to keep up with the latest fashion trends and most popular brand names. Of course, clothes endorsed by celebrities are always at the top of her shopping list. Last, advertising influences the food my children want to eat. Cartoon characters are placed on boxes of foods such as crackers and cereal to influence young children. For instance, I was grocery shopping with my young son the other day, and he asked me if I would buy him some yogurt to have for breakfast. I reached for the cheapest brand off the shelf and was about to put it in the cart when he said, "I want the Rugrats' yogurt." I had no idea what he was talking about until he pointed to the shelf behind me. There I saw a six-pack container of yogurt with pictures of Rugrats characters on the label.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Stress Management Among Working Womens in India

Stress refers to the pressure and reactions to our environment which results inpsychological and physical reactions. Whilst some stress is good for motivationand increasing efficiency, too much stress can result in negative impacts such asreduced effectiveness and efficiency. More and more people are feeling isolatedand disrespected at work, and this has led to greater occupational stress. Manycompanies have taken to consulting experts and professionals on ways toincrease connectedness and motivation of their employees. Some companies organize parties and make their employees feel valued atwork.These are measures to motivate employees and help them to feel secureat their jobs, translating into greater productivity. However, not all companieshave such measures in place, and some have not gotten it quite right. Hence, itis up to you to make sure that you can cope with stress at your workplace, anduse it to help you work better. Here are 3 simple steps to help you with copingwith stress in the workplace. Step 1: Raising Awareness Help yourself to identify when you are facing rising levels of stress, tipping thescales from positive to negative.This is important, as being able to identify signsof being stressed can help you to take steps to ensure that your overall quality of life does not drop. If left unacknowledged, the problem will only snowball, leadingto disastrous consequences to your health and overall wellbeing. You can identify if you are feeling stressed by checking if you have any physicalor psychological reactions, such as excessive sweating or heart palpitations, or the onset of headaches, irritability or the need to escape. If you experience anyof these reactions, identify if you are feeling any overwhelming negativeemotions, and if you are constantly worried.Step 2: Identify the Cause You need to be able to analyze the situation and identify what is causing the risein stress. These stressors can be external and internal. External stressors refer 18 t o things beyond your control, such as the environment or your colleagues atwork. Internal stressors refer to your own thinking and attitude. Often, we onlystart reacting to stress when a combination of stressors working together exceeds our ability to cope. Keep a diary or a list of events that have caused you to feel strong negativeemotions, or that are likely stressors.This will help you to identify the causes of your stress. Whilst it is not always possible to eradicate them, we can change theway that we cope with it. Step 3: Coping with Stress In order to deal with the situation that is causing you stress, you need to calmyour mind and body so as to stave off the reactions and cope with it in a positiveway. This can be through different methods, such as taking time off. If a situationis triggering your stress and you are unable to calm down, remove yourself fromit. Go outside and take a walk to calm down.Alternatively, you can tryimplementing relaxation techniques such as deep b reathing. If it is an internalstressor, stop your thought process until you are able to deal with it logically. The key to making these 3 steps work for you is to practice them. These are notinstantaneous solutions, and you need to condition your mind and practice themso that you can implement it when you are feeling stressed. (1. 2. 5) Stress Management Stress management is the need of the hour. However hard we try to gobeyond a stress situation, life seems to find new ways of stressing us out andplaguing us with anxiety attacks.Moreover, be it our anxiety, mind-bodyexhaustion or our erring attitudes, we tend to overlook causes of stress and theconditions triggered by those. In such unsettling moments we often forget thatstressors, if not escapable, are fairly manageable and treatable. 19 Stress, either quick or constant, can induce risky body-mind disorders. Immediate disorders such as dizzy spells, anxiety attacks, tension,sleeplessness, nervousness and muscle cramps can all resu lt in chronic healthproblems. They may also affect our immune, cardiovascular and nervoussystems and lead individuals to habitual addictions, which are inter-linked withstress.Like â€Å"stress reactions†, â€Å"relaxation responses† and stress managementtechniques are some of the body's important built-in response systems. As arelaxation response the body tries to get back balance in its homeostasis. Somehormones released during the ‘fight or flight' situation prompt the body to replacethe lost carbohydrates and fats, and restore the energy level. The knottednerves, tightened muscles and an exhausted mind crave for looseness. Unfortunately, today, we don't get relaxing and soothing situations withoutasking. To be relaxed we have to strive to create such situations. Recognizing a stressor:It is important to recognize whether you are under stress or out of it. Many times,even if we are under the influence of a stressful condition and our body reacts toit internall y as well as externally, we fail to realize that we are reacting under stress. This also happens when the causes of stress are there long enough for us to get habituated to them. The body constantly tries to tell us throughsymptoms such as rapid palpitation, dizzy spells, tight muscles or various bodyaches that something is wrong. It is important to remain attentive to suchsymptoms and to learn to cope with the situations. 20

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Dependency Theory

What is Dependence Theory? Dependency theory is a theory of how developing and developed nations interact. It can be seen as an opposition theory to the popular free market theory of interaction. Dependency theory was first formulated in the 1950s, drawing on a Marxian analysis of the global economy, and as a direct challenge to the free market economic policies of the post-War era. The free market ideology holds, at its most basic, that open markets and free trade benefit developing nations, helping them eventually to join the global economy as equal players. The belief is that although some of the methods of market liberalization and opening may be painful for a time, in the long run they help to firmly establish the economy and make the nation Dependency theory, in contrast, holds that there are a small number of established nations that are continually fed by developing nations; at the expense of the developing nations’ own health. These developing nations are essentially acting as colonial dependencies, sending their wealth to the developed nations with minimal compensation. In dependency theory, the developed nations actively keep developing nations in a subservient position, often through economic force by instituting sanctions, or by proscribing free trade policies attached to loans granted by the World Bank or International Monetary Fund. The critiques of dependency theory can be leveled within a nation as well as internationally. In fact, dependency theory tends to trace its roots to back before the emergence of modern post-colonialism. On an internal level, dependency theory can be seen applying to regions within a country. In the United States, for example, historically the industrial Northeast can be seen drawing wealth from the agricultural south in a pattern reflected in the modern world by the industrial northern hemisphere and the productive southern hemisphere. Dependency theory also posits that the degree of dependency increases as time goes on. Wealthy countries are able to use their wealth to further influence developing nations into adopting policies that increase the wealth of the wealthy nations, even at their own expense. At the same time, they are able to protect themselves from being turned on by the developing nations, making their system more and more secure as time passes. Capital continues to migrate from the developing nations to the developed nations, causing the developing nations to experience a lack of wealth, which forces them to take out larger loans from the developed nations, further indebting them. The Relevance of Dependency Theory in the Caribbean Dependency Theory is relevant to the Caribbean region because it act as a helping hand, which aid with the Caribbean being developed. It encourages trade, exports and tourism, which is a major form of economic growth. The Caribbean can only produce so much for itself; we have to be dependent on other countries to get resources that are absent from within the Caribbean region. The product varies, as sugar from Cuba and Guyana, bauxite in Jamaica and Guyana, petroleum in Trinidad and Tobago and in the Netherlands Antilles, bananas in St. Lucia, Dominica, Grenada, St. Vincent, Guadeloupe and Martinique and coffee in Haiti. Dependency Theory in the Caribbean region has prospered by means of export of the resource-based products. The Caribbean regions are at a disadvantage but given this, one can seek maximum advantage. Nevertheless given the bad experience of the colonial period most countries turned to some kind of planning, involving and export substitution and export diversification. Assets were created from as early as the colonial period. Tourism is one of the main foreign exchange earners for most of the regions economies. Some implications on how developing countries can alleviate the effects of the world system are by: OPromotion of domestic industry and manufactured goods. By imposing subsidies to protect domestic industries, poor countries can be enabled to sell their own products rather than simply exporting raw materials. OImport limitations, by limiting the importation of luxury goods and manufactured goods that can be produced within the country, the country can reduce its loss of capital and resources. OForbidding foreign investment, some governments took steps to keep foreign companies and individuals from owing or operating property that draws on the resources of the country. ONationalization, some governments have forcibly taken over foreign-owned companies on behalf of the state, in order to keep profits within the country. Dependency Theory and its place in the Global Economy Dependency Theory sees the global economy as characterized by a structured relationship between the cores states which, using political military and economic power to extract a surplus from the peripheral countries. Any attempt by the dependent nations to resist the influences of dependency often result in economic sanctions. Dependency Theory in its various forms has advanced the proposition that development and underdevelopment are opposite faces of the same coin, â€Å"or reciprocal conditions of a global system of capital accumulation. Economic vulnerability and dependency are other dimensions that are derived from the relatively high degree of financial dependency of most government in the region. The Caribbean countries face several challenges arising out of structural shifts in the world economy. The main disadvantages are represented by certain primary products exports, preferential arrangements and environmental vulnerability. Dependency Theory Bedouins and the Dependency Theory. Theories of globalization fall into three categories; Modernization, dependency and the world systems theory. These theories each sprout out into more categories and they distinguish what or how a country or society has developed into. The modernization theory focuses on the culture and belief systems that are powered by globalization. This theory then takes off into five more stages known as the traditional stage, culture-change stage, take-off stage, self-sustained stage, and high economy stage.These stages mainly focus on a few things such as tradition, culture, economy, advancement of education and technology, and also ones that produce the exported goods for other countries to import. Although some theories are open to change that is done gradually, some refuse to change and just stay the same without and further advancement. Although these theories are what distinguish a country and where it lays on the scale, it still does not mean it cannot further itself into something better throughout the world.Anthropologist Donald Cole researched on the Bedouins who are groups of nomadic pastoralists. Al Murrah is the people Cole focused on, they are a small society that resided in the heart of the desert in the country of Saudi Arabia. They were based on caravan trade with relied on the care of camels and other animals. The Al Murrah society was a society based off itself, and other small societies around the desert. They relied on the commodities with oasis centres for dates, rice and bread. They had a military force and also raided others and committed warfare.The rich and powerful Saudi government then recruited Al Murrah males into the national guards work and then the leader of the Al Murrah, as known as the Emir, was recognized as the commander in chief of the small tribes for the national guards. The Saudis would then pay these commanders salary wages which they then would distribute to other tribes people. This then left the Al Murrah people dependent on the Saudi government. This type of works would be considered under the dependency theory. The modern state of Saudi Arabia has token its time by exploiting the small tribe of the Al Murrah by having them work for the National Guard for wages.Saudi government took control over these people by having them always wanting more money and so they would recruit more and more emirs into the National Guard which thus left the Bedouins to be integrated into the nation states throughout the Arabian Peninsula. The dependency theory applies to the Bedouins because it is a larger group exploiting the smaller group into helping them. Although their lifestyles are different, they still accepted the change and still went on with it and now have discontinued existing in the deserts of Saudi Arabia.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

The Influence of Accent on Person Perception Essay Example

The Influence of Accent on Person Perception Essay Example The Influence of Accent on Person Perception Paper The Influence of Accent on Person Perception Paper The aim of the experiment is to see if people make stereotypical judgements of other people based upon their accents. Various studies prior to this one have looked into this area of research for example, Strongman and Woosley (1967). They recorded two people reading out a passage, firstly in a Yorkshire accent and then again in a London accent so it actually sounded like four different people when in actual fact there were only two. 110 subjects took part in the experiment and were split into two groups (one group was from the north of England, the other from the south). They were asked to rate the speakers on various personality traits. They did this by way of a questionnaire; they rated the traits on a five-point scale and were asked to rate traits such as generous/mean, good looking/unattractive, intelligent/dull etc, there were eighteen pairs of traits in total. The results showed that one accent was not particularly favoured more than the other one but both groups held the same stereotyped attitude about the two accents for e. g. the London accent was found to be more self confident and the Yorkshire accent was found to be more honest and reliable. A slightly more recent study by Giles (1970) looked at Received Pronunciation, South Welsh and Somerset accents. These three examples each carried different status, RP having the highest status and Somerset having the lowest; Giles suggested that this same pattern would emerge when looking at personality traits. His study was rated on a seven point scale, where the subjects would rate the recordings played to them. The subjects themselves either had a South Welsh accent or a Somerset accent, the results showed that as suggested the RP accent was favoured more than the regional accents, but the regional accents were not favoured one more than the other, just on different traits for e. g. Somerset were shown to be good natured ness. This study looks at Received Pronunciation (RP) and Yorkshire accents. There are two hypothesis that will be tested; hypothesis 1: The speaker with the Received Pronunciation accent will receive a significantly higher competence rating than the speaker with the Yorkshire accent, and hypothesis 2: The speaker with the Yorkshire accent will receive a significantly higher social attractiveness rating than the speaker with the RP accent. The null hypothesis 1: There is no difference between competence ratings in the populations from which the samples come (i.  e. any difference between sample competence ratings for RP and Yorkshire accents will be down to chance). Null hypothesis 2: there is no difference between social attractiveness ratings in the populations from which the samples come (i. e. any difference between sample social attractiveness ratings for RP and Yorkshire accents will be down to chance). Method Design The experiment used a matched guise technique; this design is used because the same speaker adopted two verbal guises in the form of two accents. The speaker was a thirty-three year old white woman, who read the passage in the same neutral style with both accents. The recording lasted for one-minute and fifty-two seconds and the content was a short article from as Huddersfield community newsletter, this was chosen because it is supposedly a less interesting topic so that the speaker did not develop character whilst speaking which could influence the experiment. The independent variable is the rating scores and the dependant variable is which accent the person speaks in. Participants There were 151 participants in total, 68 of these listened to the RP recorded passage and 83 listened to the Yorkshire recorded passage. The participants were students attending a lecture on a psychology course. Apparatus/Materials The apparatus which were used were the tape recorded voices of the speaker reading the same passage first in the RP accent then in the Yorkshire accent, the tape player and the personality questionnaires (see appendix A). Procedure Once the students were in the room, the following standardised instructions were given: Before the tape recording was played: Today you will be taking part in an experiment which investigates the accuracy of everyday assessments of personality. In a moment you will hear a tape recording of a woman reading an article from a community newsletter. After listening to the recording you will be given a personality questionnaire which asks you to rate the speaker on ten personality traits. Does everyone understand? Okay, the tape recording is about to begin. After the tape recording was played: Having listened to the tape recording you should now rate the speaker on the ten personality traits listed on the personality questionnaire. Please read the written instructions on the questionnaire and do not confer with anybody else whilst completing it. Once the questionnaires were all collected in the students were all debriefed as to the real purpose of the experiment. Results From table 1 shown below we can accept hypothesis 1 that RP will have a higher competence score because RP scored 15. 00 and Yorkshire scored 13. 12. (To put the mean numbers into perspective and to further understand just how high/low they are, please see Appendix B).

Monday, October 21, 2019

Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Essay Example

Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Essay Example Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Essay Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Essay Rogers theorized that there were three egos in us: the self-concept, the ideal ego, and the existent ego. The self-concept is the manner a individual sees him or herself ; the ideal ego is who one would wish to be ; the existent ego is who one really is ; and congruity is the sum of understanding between the three ( Bruno, 1977 ) . The more congruity, that is, the greater a person’s thought of who they are in mention to what they want to be, the more self-accepting they are, and therefore healthier. The 4th phase ( unconditioned positive respect ) , merely means that the healer accepts and values the client regardless of any issues they may hold, leting the client to research his or her ain individual without judgement ( Palmer, 2000 ) . This ambiance of psychological safety within the guidance session could merely come about through unconditioned positive respect. Rogers believed that low dignity ( or low congruity ) was the consequence of the client holding been judged in the yesteryear, either by parents, instructors or other authorization figures, who acted as if the kid had no intrinsic value as a individual unless he or she behaved the manner they wanted him or her to ( therefore exhibiting conditional respect ) ( Rogers, 1961, 283 ) . Unconditional positive respect is an counterpoison to the client’s earlier experiences. The 5th phase ( empathy, or empathic apprehension ) entails the healer seeing the client’s universe as if it were their ain. Two processes come into drama here: contemplation and elucidation. Reflection occurs when the healer repeats fragments of what the client has said with small alteration, conveying to the client a nonjudgmental apprehension of his/her statements ; elucidation occurs when the healer abstracts the nucleus or the kernel of a set of comments by the client ( Rogers, 1951 ) . The latter technique non merely acknowledges that the healer is listening, but provides the client with an chance to analyze his or her ain ideas and feelings as they are repeated back to them. In other systems of therapy, empathy with the client may be considered a preliminary measure frontward, but in person-centered therapy, it really makes up a major part of the work itself ( Bozarth, 1998 ) . The 6th and last status is a combination of four ( unconditioned positive respect ) and five ( empathy ) . Rogers’ belief is that the incarnation of this combination by the healer, every bit good as the client’s perceptual experience of such, will engender the actualizing inclination ; i.e. , â€Å"the inclination of the being to turn in a positive and constructive way, and for the individual to go all of his/her potentialities† ( Bozarth, 1998 ) . This ideal human status is embodied in the â€Å"fully functioning person† who is â€Å"open to see, able to populate existentially, is swearing in his/her ain being, expresses feelings freely, acts independently, is originative and lives a richer life† ( Wyatt, 2001 ) . It is besides of import to observe that this life in inquiry is a procedure, non a province of being, and a way, non a finish ( Wyatt, 2001 ) . The fully-functioning individual, as defined by Rogers, involves the undermentioned qualities: 1. Openness to Experience. This is the antonym of defensiveness, intending an accurate perceptual experience of one’s experiences in the universe, and the ability to accept world. Feelingss are of import here because they convey organismal valuing. If one can non be unfastened to one’s feelings, one can non be unfastened to realization. 2. Experiential Life. This is populating in the present minute, and non in the yesteryear or the hereafter. This doesn’t mean that one shouldn’t remember and learn from the past, or that one shouldn’t program or believe about the hereafter. These things merely necessitate to be understood for what they are: memories and ends, which are being experienced in the present. 3. Organismal Trusting. This is leting ourselves to be guided by the organismal valuing procedure, that is, making what experience right and what comes of course. This entails swearing one’s existent ego, which can merely be assessed if one is in contact with the actualizing inclination. 4. Experiential Freedom. This is the thought that it is irrelevant if people have free will or non: people really much feel that they do, and experience free when picks are made available to them. The fully-functioning individual acknowledges their freedom, and takes duty for their picks. 5. Creativity. This is the impression that if one feels free and responsible, one will move consequently, and take part in the universe. A fully-functioning individual, in touch with realization, will experience obliged to lend to the realization of others. This can happen via parts to the humanistic disciplines and scientific disciplines or to society in general ; through parental love ; or merely by making good at work ( all from Boeree, 1998 ) . The chief jobs with Rogers’ theory have to make with the deficiency of preciseness and specificity in respects to some of the constructs and footings. Krebs and Blackman rate the logical consistence as â€Å"fair, † and claim that some connexions are non truly clear, and that it does non decently or to the full address phases of development ( Maddi, 1996 ) . Rogers has besides been criticized for his open attending to witting experience, and deficiency of focal point to the unconscious ( Nietzel, Benstein, Milich, 1994 ) . Others have criticized the theory for being elitist, specifically in footings of fully-functioning persons and human potency. Rogers’ standards for such merely doesn’t apply to some, specifically those who have limited potencies in the first topographic point, and are missing in the capacity for creativeness and free look ( Pescitelli, 1996 ) . The fact is, the theory can merely be applied to those parts of the population whose rational and cultural backgrounds are compatible with the therapy, and the overall constructs are merely non comprehensive plenty to use to all persons ( Nietzel et. Al, 1994 ) . In add-on, some human conditions, such as mental illness, do non do much sense harmonizing to Rogers’ theory. The sociopath seemingly feels no guilt, uncomfortableness or compunction for his or her actions. There is no anxiousness, and so incongruence will non be present ( Pescitelli, 1996 ) . Take even further, how does this use to the belief that fully-functioning individual should make what comes of course to them? Should a sadist be allowed to ache others, or a masochist themselves? Should an alcoholic drink to their fill, or a depressive putting to death themselves? These unfavorable judgments, every bit good as others, have neer truly been resolved, and are partly responsible for Rogerian and person-centered therapy in general being relegated non to the borders needfully, but surely to a minor function in today’s psychotherapeutic clime. However, the chief ground for this slump merely has to make with the altering face of psychological science. Research over the last two decennaries has been specificity-based specifying specific interventions for specific psychological jobs – which goes against much of what Rogers believed. But Roger’s parts can non be undervalued. Some of his nucleus constructs – viz. empathy – have found their manner into infinite countries of pattern, and over the last 10 old ages at that place has been renewed involvement in person-centred therapy, peculiarly in Europe. There has besides been a revival in research by the likes of Tausch, Greenberg, Lietaer, McLeod, Prouty, Warner and Mearns. Rogers himself, who died in 1986 and spent his last decennary using his theories to countries of societal struggle in topographic points such as Ireland, South Africa and Russia, would no uncertainty be pleased. Bibliography Blake, T.Digesting Issues in Psychology. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc. , 1995. Boeree, C. â€Å"Carl Rogers.† Shippensburg University, Department of Psychology, 1998. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/rogers.html Bozarth, J.D.The Person-Centered Approach: A Revolutionary Paradigm. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books, 1998. Bruno, Frank J. â€Å"Client-Centered Guidance: Becoming a Person.† InHuman Adjustment and Personal Growth: Seven Nerve pathwaies, John Wiley A ; Sons, 1977. Hall, Kathy. â€Å"Carl Rogers.† Muskingum College, Department of Psychology, 1997. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/rogers.htm Hart, J.T. and Tomlinson, T.M.New Directions in Client-Centered Therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970. Maddi, S.R. Personality theories: A comparative analysis ( 6th ed. ) . Toronto: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. , 1996. McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Rogers’ Humanist Person-Centered Approach to Counselling.† Simply Psychology, 2006. Nietzel, B.M. , Bernstein, D.A. , Milich, R. Introduction to Clinical Psychology ( 4th ed. ) . N.J. : Prentice Hall Inc. , 1994. Palmer, S.Introduction to Counselling and Psychotherapy: the Essential Guide. London: Sage Publications ; 2000. Pescitelli, Dagmar. â€Å"An Analysis of Carl Rogers Theory of Personality.† Personality and Consciousness, 1996. hypertext transfer protocol: //pandc.ca/ ? cat=carl_rogers A ; page=rogerian_theory Rogers, Carl. Carl Rogers on Personal Power. New York: Delacorte Press, 1977. Rogers, Carl.Client-Centered Therapy. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1951. Rogers, Carl. â€Å"A Client-Centered/Person-Centered Approach to Therapy.† In Kirschenbaum, H. and Henderson, V. ( Eds. )The Carl Rogers Reader. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1986. Rogers, Carl and Dymond, Rosalind.Psychotherapy and Personality Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954. Rogers, Carl.A Theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Psychotherapy. New York: McGraw Hill, 1959. Watson, N. ( 1984 ) . â€Å"The Empirical Status of Rogers’ Hypothesis of the Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Effective Psychotherapy.† In R. F. Levant and J. M. Shlien ( Eds. )Client-Centered Therapy and the Person-Centered Approach: New waies in Theory, Research, and Practice. New York: Praeger, 1984. Wyatt, Gill.Rogers’ Curative Conditionss:Development, Theory and Practice. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books, 2001.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

A policy of imperialism in America

A policy of imperialism in America From the late 1800s through the early 1900s, Americans pursued a policy of imperialism that became referenced as Social Darwinism. This Imperialist Age left a positive impact on America through the military and economic worlds. Leading the nations, the United States felt that colonies were crucial to military power. Militarism and imperialism were both connected. They were connected because imperialism meant the stronger taking control of the weaker and having a strong military is what America wanted to have to be the more powerful nation and take control. Europeans have been taking control for years and America didn’t want to be next Imperialism made the military row stronger for its country. In the 19th century, military power was a form of imperial strength. A nation needed a strong military to protect its interests and support its policies. â€Å"Seeing that other nations were establishing a global military presence, American leaders advised that the United States build up its own military strength†(Holt 549) Strong armies and navies were needed to take care of the United States, to protect trade among other countries, and stay strong against threats and rivals. Admiral Alfred T. Mahan of the U.S. Navy urged the government officials to strengthen and put time/money into the American naval power. â€Å"As a result of the urging of Mahan and others, the United States built nine steel-hulled cruisers between 1883 and 1890†(Holt 549). This was done in order to compete with other nations. Governments and leaders who have not been able to maintain their armies and navies are considered less than or weaker than other countries. Americans military strengthened and overcame many obstacles for it to be one of the armies of the leading nations.This wasn’t the only positive effect but also. In the late 19th century, advances in technology enabled American farms and factories to produce more than the average amount of American citizens could consume. The United States needed more material for the factories and new, different markets for its goods. â€Å"Imperialists viewed foreign trade as the solution to American overproduction and the related problems of unemployment and economic depression†(Holt 549). The motive for nineteenth-century European imperialism is that imperialism would benefit the economies of the colonial powers. Some Americans formed the idea that Social Darwinism came into play. â€Å"A belief that free-market competition would lead to the survival of the fittest†(Holt 550). America was growing and reaching to the top of the economy list of the world and many believed that the United States had the responsibility to help the inferior peoples. Because the American economy advanced and produce more goods, the country became richer than ever and helped make the economy boom. Overall imperialism really had a major factor when having the United States military grow stronger as it pushed the country to protect its interests and support its policies. But also help the economy rise, advance in technology, and produce more goods.

Friday, October 18, 2019

A Moment of Self Awareness Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Moment of Self Awareness - Personal Statement Example Because I consider myself to be goal driven and an industrious person, it is difficult to communicate with others without a defined goal. I found that going to the grocery store was equally easy. It is simple, I just go and purchase my groceries, check out what is on sale and go about my business. It is easy for me to ask someone where an aisle is because there is a goal to be met at the end and honestly, the conversation is innocuous and quick. I don't feel as if I am being put on the spot. Likewise for the library and at a house I visited that was for sale. "While you are not born with a self-concept, you certainly do play a key role in building one. Even though you are constantly undergoing change, once built, the theory or picture you have of yourself is fairly stable and difficult to alter". Most people would describe me as an outgoing individual, easy to talk to and on the whole, easy to get along with. What most do not know, is that I am absolutely at a loss when placed in an environment that I am unfamiliar with. I therefore attempt to control the conversation or topic of conversation. I suppose that this would be my hidden quadrant according to the Jahari Window. I am not so sure that this is something that is built deliberately. I think that because I am outgoing, I would like to be able to initiate conversations in any area and with ease.

Do Judges Make the Law or Find it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Do Judges Make the Law or Find it - Essay Example An older dimension of the ideology that judges do not make law is captured in saying that judges find or declare law but do not make it.2 The question of whether judges make law or find and the arguments relating to this question is hinged on the roles of the three major organs of the government; the executive, judiciary, and legislature. It is argued that the legislative branch of the government has the mandate of creating the law.3 Nonetheless, it is true that the executive branch can make the law through executive orders which operate as law, and so can the judiciary branch make the law. While it is generally known that the judiciary is mandated to interpret law, it has over the years asserted its authority and has established itself as an equal branch of the government that can make law.4 Case law is a common example of the law that is created by the court system or the judiciary. Case law can be defined as the sum of body of cases that creates a body of law or jurisprudence on a certain subject distinct from legislations and other sources of law. Case laws interpret regulations, constitutional provisions, and statutes. Strasbourg jurisprudence recognized the powers of the courts to make laws.5 In R v Governor of HMP Brockhill Ex parte Evans (2000), it was held that even in the criminal law, the domestic courts can develop law through judicial interpretation of a case or more.6 So, are judges really law makers or are merely law finders? The fact that the main role of the judges is to interpret and apply existing law in a particular case is undisputable. Therefore, judges are supposed to find any existing law that is relevant to a case at hand and apply it to make legal decisions. In this case it can be said that judges are law finders rather than being law makers because they have to find law.7 The doctrine of separation of powers stipulates that each branch of the government should not interfere with the mandate and roles of the other branch and each branc h should be allowed to operate independently. In this respect, the court system should interfere with the legislature’s role of making the law.8 Instead, it should preoccupy itself with the role of interpreting the law. However, it is an appreciated fact within the legal fraternity that the legal system is dynamic and keeps on developing and so does the role of the judges. As such, it is expected that the role of the judges should not be confined only to finding laws and applying them, but rather to make law where necessary and leave their own legal imprint in the legal system.9 In common law countries, the case law left behind by the judges is used in applying to other cases that relate to the previous ones based on the doctrine of judicial precedent. It has been argued to a greater extent that the doctrine of judicial precedent is an indirect way in which judges make law.10 In common law countries and democratic states, the role of judges is perceived to be active and creat ive rather than passive. This explains why they have a special place in the judiciary branch of government. Apart from being expected to interpret the law, they are also expected to contribute towards the growth of the legal system of their countries through their knowledge, skills, experience, and creativity.11 Whereas the

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example This type of leadership employs the principle of "management by exception", which simply means that if something is operating to expectations, it needs no further attention. However, when expectations are exceeded, a citation is conferred; disciplinary or corrective sanctions are applied for performance below expectations. Transactional Leadership is therefore a contingency-based management style where reward or punishment is dependent on performance (Changing Minds.org, 2009). Transformational leadership on the other hand presupposes leadership by inspiration. Vision and passion are incumbent upon the leader in order to engage followers. Enthusiasm and energy are the fuel by which the leader-follower relationship thrives on. Transformative leaders create followers, by carefully building trust through personal integrity, which is a decisive element of the relationship. "Transformational leaders sell themselves as well as the vision." (Changing Minds.org, 2009) The great English statesman, orator and journalist Winston Churchill exhibited the dominant traits of a transformative leader. His fortitude and resolve helped propped the British nation and the Allied forces in the face of relentless and aggressive of the German-led Axis alliance during the Second World War.

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Approach to managing people including flexible working arrangements Essay

Approach to managing people including flexible working arrangements and workplace diversity policies - Essay Example Flexible time can be defined as an alternative work schedule to the traditional 9 to 5 in which the employees are able to set their own schedules (Dol). The use of flexible time is viable at companies that have a work week that goes beyond 9 to 5 such as firms with double and triple shifts. The implementation of a flexible time program can be beneficial to both employees and employers. One of the greatest benefits of flexible time for the employees is that it allows them to have a better work life balance. For instance single parents can arrange their schedule so that they are free a few hours in the afternoon to go pick up their kids at school. Four additional benefits of flexible time are a reduction in the employee commuting time and fuel costs, avoidance of traffic rush and stress associated with rush hour, reduction in employee burnout due to overload, and increase in personal control over work scheduling (Heathfield, 2013). Corporations benefit from the implementation of flexib le time due to higher employee productivity. Employees that use flexible time also tend to have lower absenteeism and higher retention rate than employees working a traditional 9 to 5 week. The human resource department must closely monitor the flexible time arrangement of each employee to ensure they are complying with their 40 hours of labor each week. Companies today must manage diversity in the workplace. â€Å"Workforce diversity involves differences based on gender, race, and ethnicity, age, able-bodiedness and sexual orientation† (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2003, pg.5). Success in the workplace occurs when the employees are able to set their differences aside and work towards a common goal. Organizations must institute diversity policies. The diversity policy must include harsh penalties for employees that discriminate against other workers due to diversity issues. Diversity should be visualized

Stem cell research paper Argumentative Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stem cell Argumentative - Research Paper Example These stem cells previously were not given enough heed to be researched upon, but recently as the world of medicine has improved research on the stem cells have become an important breakthrough in the world of science (Solo & Pressberg 2007). Stem cells can be of two types which are embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are retrieved from human embryos whereas adult stem cells are retrieved from the organs of adults. Because of the stem cells to proliferate rapidly and form organs it is important for the medical experts to discover the inner functioning of these stem cells. And thus it has become important to retrieve these stem cells from the embryo and adults. The ethical issue arises in the concept of retrieving the stem cells from human embryos. In the process of retrieving the stem cells the scientists have to destroy the human embryo and in this process a death of a human being may be caused as believed by the opponents of stem cell research. However t he proponents believe that the embryo has yet not developed enough to be called a human being and thus a life is not being taken. This essay would further revolve around both these view points and would provide with a definite conclusion as to which view point is more convincing (Newton 2007). According to the scientists stem cell research can be a breakthrough in the medical world to cure many of the diseases which are causing deaths. These stem cells give birth to the organs in the body and it is because of these stem cells that a systemic way of functioning is observed in the human beings. Thus the very reason of the existence of these organs can help to transform many medical researches into success. The exact functioning of these stem cells can help the doctors to replace organs which have become dead or diseased due to any condition in the human being and they can further provide ways to complete healing in a human being. It

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example This type of leadership employs the principle of "management by exception", which simply means that if something is operating to expectations, it needs no further attention. However, when expectations are exceeded, a citation is conferred; disciplinary or corrective sanctions are applied for performance below expectations. Transactional Leadership is therefore a contingency-based management style where reward or punishment is dependent on performance (Changing Minds.org, 2009). Transformational leadership on the other hand presupposes leadership by inspiration. Vision and passion are incumbent upon the leader in order to engage followers. Enthusiasm and energy are the fuel by which the leader-follower relationship thrives on. Transformative leaders create followers, by carefully building trust through personal integrity, which is a decisive element of the relationship. "Transformational leaders sell themselves as well as the vision." (Changing Minds.org, 2009) The great English statesman, orator and journalist Winston Churchill exhibited the dominant traits of a transformative leader. His fortitude and resolve helped propped the British nation and the Allied forces in the face of relentless and aggressive of the German-led Axis alliance during the Second World War.

Stem cell research paper Argumentative Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stem cell Argumentative - Research Paper Example These stem cells previously were not given enough heed to be researched upon, but recently as the world of medicine has improved research on the stem cells have become an important breakthrough in the world of science (Solo & Pressberg 2007). Stem cells can be of two types which are embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are retrieved from human embryos whereas adult stem cells are retrieved from the organs of adults. Because of the stem cells to proliferate rapidly and form organs it is important for the medical experts to discover the inner functioning of these stem cells. And thus it has become important to retrieve these stem cells from the embryo and adults. The ethical issue arises in the concept of retrieving the stem cells from human embryos. In the process of retrieving the stem cells the scientists have to destroy the human embryo and in this process a death of a human being may be caused as believed by the opponents of stem cell research. However t he proponents believe that the embryo has yet not developed enough to be called a human being and thus a life is not being taken. This essay would further revolve around both these view points and would provide with a definite conclusion as to which view point is more convincing (Newton 2007). According to the scientists stem cell research can be a breakthrough in the medical world to cure many of the diseases which are causing deaths. These stem cells give birth to the organs in the body and it is because of these stem cells that a systemic way of functioning is observed in the human beings. Thus the very reason of the existence of these organs can help to transform many medical researches into success. The exact functioning of these stem cells can help the doctors to replace organs which have become dead or diseased due to any condition in the human being and they can further provide ways to complete healing in a human being. It

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Hybrid electric vehicle Essay Example for Free

Hybrid electric vehicle Essay QD = f? P, PS, PC, Y, A, AC, N, CP, PE, TA, T=S †¦? [2. 1] where QD = quantity demanded of (e. g. , Toyota Prius or Chevy Volt) P = price of the good or service (the auto) PS = price of substitute goods or services (e. g. , the popular gasoline-powered Honda Accord or Chevy Malibu) PC = price of complementary goods or services (replacement batteries) Y = income of consumers A = advertising and promotion expenditures by Toyota, Honda, and General Motors (GM). AC = competitors’ advertising and promotion expenditures N = size of the potential target market (demographic factors) CP = consumer tastes and preferences for a â€Å"greener† form of transportation PE = expected future price appreciation or depreciation of hybrid autos TA = purchase adjustment time period T/S = taxes or subsidies on hybrid autos QS = f? P, PI , PUI, T, EE, F, RC, PE, T=S †¦? (Equation 2. 2) where Qs = quantity supplied (e.g. , of domestic autos) P = price of the autos PI = price of inputs (e. g. , sheet metal). PUI = price of unused substitute inputs (e. g. , fiberglass) T = technological improvements (e. g. , robotic welding) EE = entry or exit of other auto sellers F = accidental supply interruptions from fires, floods, etc. RC = costs of regulatory compliance PE = expected (future) changes in price TA = adjustment time period T/S = taxes or subsidies. Product A is more riskier as Std dev / mean = 0. 8 and for Product B it is 0. 5 thus A is more riskier Not yet rated Anonymous 1 hour later fot this we will calculate the coefficient of variation of both the product. coefficient of variation= SD/meanx100 coefficient of variation of Product A= 40000/50000100= 80% coefficient of variation of Product B= 12500/250000100= 5% higher the coefficient of variation higher will be the risk, therefore Product A is more risker.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Team Building Exercise And Purpose Management Essay

Team Building Exercise And Purpose Management Essay Team building is a wide range of activities that are presented to business, sports, schools, religions or even NPOs to ensure improvements performance in teams. Team building is usually done through several activities and practices, which can range from simple bonding exercise to complicated simulations along with multi-day team building retreats that are designed with the aim of developing a particular team, usually falling somewhere in between. This practice in most cases sits within theories along with practices of organizational development. However, it can also be applied in to sports teams, groups in schools, as well as other contexts. Team building practices need not to be confused with what is referred to as team recreation, which consists of activities for teams that are mainly recreational. In most cases, team building is considered as a very important factor in any environment (DeSimone Et al. 2002). Its concentration is to specialize in bringing out the best from a certain team, as to ensure self development, positive communication practices, leadership skills as well as the capability of working closely together as a team to problem solving. Different literatures have stated that, work environment in most cases concentrates on individual and personal objectives, with regard and recognition singling out the achievements that individual employees have attained. How to create effective teams is a challenge in every organization. In other words, team building also means the processes that are used in the selection and of teams from scratch. Team Building Exercise and Purpose The exercises involved in team building consists of a variety of tasks that are designed with the aim of developing group members as well as their capability of working together effectively and efficiently. There exist several types of team building activities that range from kid games to games involving novel complex tasks; however, they are designed for specific needs (Field Ford, 1995). There also exist complex team building activities that are composed of multiple exercises like rope courses, corporate drumming, as well as exercises that might last for several days. The main objective of team building exercises is for helping teams to become human units that are much cohesive for them to work together effectively to complete tasks. Types of Team Building Exercises The first type is communication exercise. This type of exercise is just as it sounds. Communication exercises involve problem solving practices that are geared towards upgrading communication skills. Most of the issues encountered in such practices are in most cases solved through effective communication among the members (Foley, 2000). The main objective of this activity is to come up with an activity that addresses the significance of good communication in team performance and /or potential problems with communication. Another type of team building activity includes problem solving, also known as decision making exercise. This exercise concentrates specifically on groups that are working together to deal with difficult, or come up with complex solutions. Such like exercises are the most common exercises as they appear to be having the most direct link, to what most of the employers are looking for to be incorporated in their working force (Noe, 2005). The main goal of this exercise is to provide the participants with a problem whose solution is not easily apparent, or it might require the team to with solutions that are much creative. The next exercise is planning also called adaptability exercise. These exercises concentrates on concepts that deal with planning as well as being able to adapt to different environmental climates, that are changing every now and then, due to political instability din the country. These are important things for teams to be able to do when they are assigned complex tasks. Or even complex circumstances. The main object of this type of exercise is to show the significance of planning before implementing any solution or recommendation. The last but not least type of team building exercise is trust exercise. This exercise on the other hand involves engagement of team members in a manner that induces trust between them. Some time, the practices are difficult to engage in, or even implement. This is based on the fact that there are varying levels of trust that exist between individuals, as well as varying degrees of personal comforts trusting others generally (Rigg Et al. 2007). The main goal of such like exercises of is the creation of trust between team members. Tips for Team Building It is true that, individuals at work place keep on talking about team building, working together as a team, however, it is only a few of them that really understands the creation as well as the experience gained from team work, or even how to come up and develop one that is much effective. Belonging to a team, looking at it in the broadest point of view, should be the essence of feeling being part and parcel of something that is much larger than oneself (Achua Lussier, 2007). It has a lot of things to do with somebodys understanding of the mission, vision and objectives of that particular group that one belongs in. Fit need to be noticed that, team oriented environment, every individual who happens to be a member, needs to contribute to the overall success of that particular group. But how many individuals do that, or how many groups allow that? If though individuals might be having specific job functions and belongs to specific departments, done needs to know that is unified with other team members for the accomplishment of the overall goal of the organization or group. The larger picture need to be the one that drives actions in an organization as someones function exists to serve the larger picture. In group building, it is much essential to differentiate between the overall sense of teamwork from the task of coming up with an effective and intact team, that is build to attain certain goals or objectives. As effect, on the ground, individuals tent to confused two team building objectives. As a result, this is the reasons as to why so many team building seminars, meetings, retreats as well as activities are deemed to be failures in the society by those who usually participate in them. It is true that leaders of such group activities fail to define the team that they desired to build (Larry, 1991). The process of developing an overall sense of team work is far much different from the process of building an effective, focused work team, when considering team building approaches. Different Cs for Team building Executives, managers as well as the organization staff members, have to universally engage in the process of exploring different ways of improving business results along with profitability. Many individuals look at team-based, horizontal organization structures as being the best design for involving all the employees in the creation of business successes. But the fact is, no matter the name given to ones team-based improvement effort; continuous improvement, total quality, lean manufacturing or even self directed work teams, every body need to strive at improving the results for the benefit of customers of ones organization (Heathfield, 2010). It is true but disappointing to note that, only few organizations are however totally pleased with the results of their team improvement efforts produce. It should be noted that, if ones team improvement efforts are not living to ones expectations, this self diagnosing list of check, may tell the reasons as to why. Some successful team building, that ends up creating effective, focused work teams, in most cases need attention to each one of the following: Clear expectations; the executive leadership needs to clearly communicate its expectations for the performance of the team, along with the expected outcomes. Team members on the other hand need to understand the reason as ton why the group was formed. In addition, the organization needs to demonstrate constancy of purpose in providing support to the team with resources of time, individuals, as well as finances. The work that is performed by the team, need to receive sufficient emphasis as a major priority in terms of time, attention, discussions well as interest directed its way by the executive leaders. Context; team members should have an understanding as to why they are taking part in the team, in such a way, they will have an understanding effects of team strategy in helping the organization in attaining it communicated business objectives and goals. As an effect, the team members ought to define their teams significance to the attainment of the corporate goals and objectives. To attain this, the team members need to understand where its work fits in the total context of different goals, principles, vision as well as values of the organization. Commitment; there is need for the members of the team to take part in the teams activities fully, as this will make team members to be more committed to the attainment of the mission and outcome expectations of the team. In so doing, the team members will perceive their services pas much valuable to the organization as well as their own careers. This in one way or the other will make the make the team members to anticipate for the recognition for their contributions (Heathfield, 2011). It should be noted by team members that, their participation will enhance the growth of their skills and experience on the team. After this realization, team members will then be excited and challenged by the team opportunity. Competence is another C; it will be good if the team feels that it has the appropriate individuals taking part in it, for instance, in the process improvement, each step of the operation need to represent in the team. The team should feel that, its members should have the necessary knowledge, skills and capabilities to address the issues for which the team was formed to address. In case this is not there, the team ought to have an access to the help it requires. The team should feel that, it has been given the necessary, strategies and support that it requires fin order to accomplish the assigned responsibility. Charter; fit is the responsibility of the team to take the assigned area of responsibility and design its own mission, vision as well as the strategies that will be much helpful in the attainment of the overall mission and objective. It is always good for the team to define and co9mmunicate its objectives, its anticipated results as well as its report contribution, its timelines, and the procedure it will employ in measuring its results of its work as well as the processes along with operations followed by the team to accomplish its tasks. The leadership team or any other group charged with the responsibility of coordinating group activities should at all times support all what the team has designed. Control; the team at all times need to be given the necessary freedom and as well as the empowerment so that it can feel the ownership that is much necessary for it to accomplish its charter. At the same juncture, the team members should clearly understand their limits or boundaries. This will in one way or the other determine the extent at which the team can go in pursuit of solutions, determine its limitations like in terms of time and monitory resources, that was defined at the initial stages of the project, before the team experiences barriers as well as the rework. The teams reporting relationship as well as accountability should be understood by all members of the organization. This is because; the organization defined the teams authority, to make recommendation, as well complimenting its plan. It holds more water if all there will be a defined process of reviewing both the organization and the team consistently and aligned to the purpose and in direction. Every team member sho uld hold each other accountable for project timelines, commitments and results. As an effect, the organization should have plans for increasing the opportunities for self management among organization members. Collaboration; the team should be in a position of understanding the team as well as the group process. Members need to be in a position of understanding group stages involved in group development. This will enable them to work interpersonally together effectively. All team members are acquainted with the duties and responsibilities [charged to each team member as well as to the group as a whole. They should know the responsibilities of team leaders as well as the team recorders to avoid confusion and mixing of responsibilities. The team ought to be in a position of solving problems, process improvement, and project measurement techniques. This will encourage cooperation among group members to accomplish the group charter. The team should establish team norms and rules of conduct that will be used for governing like conflict resolution, consensus decision making along with meeting management. This will enable the team to use appropriate strategy to accomplish its action plan. Communication; the team members should always be clear about the priority of their tasks. This will enable the team to establish proper methods that will be used during feedback giving, as well as receiving honest performance feedback. The organization on its part needs to provide important business data regularly, enabling the team to understand the complete context of its existence. The team members should also be in a position of communicating clearly and honestly with each other. This in one way or the other help members top provide diversified opinions to the table for discussions and conclusions, which will end up addressing necessary conflicts. Creative Innovations; the organization should in one way or the other show that it really want change. This will enable the team to realize that the company needs creative thinking, solutions that are unique and also new ideas. The organization as a result rewards individuals who reasonably risks coming up with improvements, other than victimizing them. It should reward these who fit in and maintain the status quo. Never the less, it should provide training education, as well as providing access to learning materials like books and films, along with field trips that will stimulate new thinking. Consequences; all team members need to feel responsible and accountable for team achievements. To enhance this attitude, rewards should be awarded whenever the team becomes successful], in addition, this will also be achieved if reasonable risks are respected and encouraged in the organization. Though the reward supply ought to be encouraged by the organization, the rewarding system ought to be in a position of recognizing both team as well as individual performances. Do team members fear reprisal? the team members need not to waste their time pointing fingers at each other instead of resolving problems. It will be encourage if the organization will be willing to share gains and the increased profitability wit team along with individual contributors, as for the contributors to be motivated, they ought to see their impact don the increased organization success. Coordination; though there are different systems of coordination in teamwork, but there need to be a central leadership team that will be assisting the group to get what they require for their success. This central body will ensure priorities and resource allocation have been planned across all departments. In support of this, teams ought to understand the aspect of internal customer serving- as the next process, anybody to whom they provide products or even services. To accelerates this, cross-functional along with multi-departmental groups need to work need to work together as one, in developing customer focused, process-focused orientation , as the move away from traditional departmental thinking. Cultural change is the last but not least C involved in team building. The organizations or even societies need to recognize that the team-focused, empowering, enabling organizational culture of the future is different than the traditional, hierarchical organization it may currently be. The organization need to be having plans on how to recruit its employees, along with how to reward, plan development, how it carries out motivation practices, and how it manages individuals they employ. It is good for the organization to determine if will be using failures for learning as well as supporting reasonable risks (Van Dijk Phoads, 2007). The organization should also look forward on how to change its climate towards supporting teams, as this will increase the payback from them. When more time is spend in looking at such tips to ensure effective and efficient teams contribution to business successes. Conclusion A team that is well managed forms the cornerstone of success in any organization. The success of a team appears if and only if team members are in good terms, able to accomplish something tangible, by working together as a group other than working as individuals. It should be taken that, the success and the progress of a team, is the responsibility that is charged to every team member, regardless of the hierarchy. Being in a group, has nothing to do with the dissolution of somebodys individualism, though helps in build in g the identity by addressing somebodys strength as well as potentialities. The basis of team building is based on effective communication. however, the co-existence can be achieved by having by engaging in team building practices, which are fun-filled with the aim of attaining goals by making work far much enjoyable as well as gratifying , though there has to be consistency, to ensure that individuals are not taking it as time and effort wastage (Cardy Et al. 2009). The aim of team building in most cases is to encourage members with expertise in certain areas contribute to the objectives of teams. Lack of harmony in a team makes individual opinions and ideas, which might lead to conflicts. In addition, the absence of co-ordination between diversified personalities is one of the biggest factors that might lead to failure at work place. For the effective team management, certain pointers ought to be in place, for instance, responsibility division between members and be much clear about roles; this effectively avoids confusion (Andrejev, 2006). The process of decision making should also not be left top management alone; the entire team should whenever possible. This in one was or the other ensures, better productivity, absence of trust and belonging among members. Team building helps in boosting self-confidence as well as moral of the involved individuals. The show of appreciation as well as giving timely feedback, also motivate employees. It is good to notice that, teams are never static; they grow and change with time. Effective team management recognizes each members strong qualities and mobilizes them to work together.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Essay --

In 1916, Susan Glaspell wrote Trifles, when the egotistical male-dominated social order was ruthlessly manipulating women’s right to vote and cruelly restricting their functions in social, business, and government positions. In the home, the husband was dictator and the wife merely a domestic servant. The domestic sphere of women is minimized to the activities of the farmhouse which are considered trifles or insignificant in the world of men. Trifles explores the classical male stereotype of women during this period by expressing that women habitually worry about matters of little, or unimportance. This label creates the perception males are the only people concerned with essential issues, issues that a female would never discuss or confront during this era. Trifles is based on an actual murder case Susan Glaspell wrote about as a reporter for a newspaper in Iowa at the turn of the century. To completely comprehend and give an accurate analysis of Trifles, it is critical to acknowledge the condition of the women’s movement at the time the play was written and first produced. The significance of the position of women in this early 20th century community and the title of the play Trifles, is condescending. Susan Glaspell manipulatively uses her extensive knowledge about the murder case, to expose and express the way women actually felt during this period. As a reporter she was controlled and restricted to what she could actually publish. She constantly uses subtle but deep ways to associate the play to hash treatment of women and the way they are viewed by males in society. Lewis Hale casually states that "women are used to worrying over trifles"(Glaspell 663). He is enforcing how the men actually perceive the women in society ... ...ce to society and viewed as a servant to their husband and family. The female was looked down upon and was considered a second class citizen compared to their male counterpart. The significance of the female contribution to society was evolving and was a painful transition women had to endure so women can have what they have today. Women endured mental, emotional, physical, and political abuse that was comparable to that of slaves. The suffering women endured paved the way for future generations of females to be looked at as equals not peasants compared to men. The women decided not to tell the men about the things they found, which undoubtedly stressed the women enduring Minnie’s pain together for the greater good of women. If they had exposed the trifles that they had uncovered, the women would have presented the motive that the men could not find to convict her.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

The Gay Science,by Friedrich Nietzsche :: The Gay Science, Friedrich Nietzsche

1) Nietzsche could have written The Gay Science differently. What justifies the style of composition he chose? More importantly, is his style of writing effective? What relation do you see between the style of his writing and the content of thought it expresses? Nietzsche's style of writing was a deliberate stylistic choice meant to hide the meaning of his work and philosophy from those who would not be able to understand it, and through there misunderstanding would abuse it. This writing style was also meant to help support and give meaning to Nietzsche's arguments on the nature of language and how language is, at its root a metaphor describing an object that is disconnected from us. Nietzsche's work broke down language to its metaphorical roots and explored the nature of how our language is disconnected from the objective reality around us. Nietzsche uses the metaphorical roots of our language to show that words and language our fundamentally disconnected because of the subjective nature of language. Nietzsche shows these metaphorical roots by showing how simple words and phrases that we use in our everyday life are really disconnected or at least removed by the barrier of language. Language is a serious of metaphor's all describing ho w an object subjectively appears to the individual. No language can describe what it is like to "be" that object, nor properly describe what it is that makes the object what it is. All language can do is provide a vehicle through which man can communicate what he is subjectively experiencing and relate it via a metaphor to another individual who will only get a idea of what is being described rather than an actual concrete description. 2) In sections 124, 343, and 377, Nietzsche claims that, following the death of God, human beings find themselves "in the horizon of the infinite," on the "open sea," and "homeless." What are the consequences of the death of God? With reference to section 347, discuss the ambiguity of this new found freedom. How might it terrify some people and empower others? The consequences for the death of god are far reaching and and many in Nietzsche's work. Christianity sparked the death of God as most of us know him through the actions of Martin Luther. Luther's desire to give the common man the ability to understand and read the bible brought a end to the churches monopoly on morality and brought the "divine" to the common man making the common man "divine".

Friday, October 11, 2019

Pohela Boishakh Festival Essay

Pohela Boishakh is a Public festival of the Bengalis; it is celebrated among all Bengalis- irrespective of religious and regional differences. In Bangladesh, it is a national holiday celebrated around 14th April. The traditional greeting for Bengali New Year is â€Å"Shubhà ´ Nà ´bobà ´rsho†. Pohela Boishakh is also the beginning of all business activities. I am lucky enough that I am a Dhaka city dweller. Observance of Pohela Boishakh has become popular in Dhaka. People from all walks of life dressup in traditional Bengali attire in Pohela Boishakh. Men wear dhuti / payejama / lungi and kurta /Panjabi. Young women wear white saris with red borders, and adorn themselves with tip (bindis), churi (bangles) and fÃ… «l (flowers). I bought earlier Panjabi with white and red combination for wearing in Pohela Boishakh. The Pohela Boishakh celebrations and festivities reflect the life in rural Bengal. On this day everything is washed and cleaned. On that day I woke up early in the morning, bathed early in the morning and dressed my new clothes. Pohela Boishakh has now become an integral part of Bengali culture. In Pohela Boishakh special food items were prepared for the guests. I decided to spend much of the day time visiting relatives, friends and neighbours. In Dhaka and other large cities, the festivals begin with people gathering under a big tree. People also find any bank of a lake or river to witness the sunrise. Artists present songs to welcome the New Year, particularly with Rabindranath Tagore’s well-known song â€Å"Esho, he Boishakh†. First I went to Ramna Park. Large numbers of people gathered under the banyan tree at Ramna Park where Chhayanat artists opened the day with Rabindranath Tagore’s famous song, Esho, he Boishakh, Esho Esho. A similar ceremony welcoming the New Year was also held at the Institute of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka. Students and teachers of the institute took out a colourful procession and paraded round the campus. I felt happy joining the parade. At noon, I took panta bhat (rice soaked in water), green chilies, onion, and fried Hilsa fish. In the afternoon I along with some of  my friends visited a Baishaki Mela. I went around the fair and bought some earthen jewelry. At about 4 pm I went to Jatiya Press Club where a cultural   was held. I saw a lot of prominent and leading artists over there. They delivered their informative speeches on the significance of the day. At about 7 pm I came back home with a cheerful mind.  I enjoyed the celebration of Pohela Boishakh tremendously. It was a memorable ceremony. My personal impression about the festival of Pohela Boishakh can play an important role in developing the cultural unity without distinction between class, race and religious affiliations. Mixture of western culture and native or traditional cultural is the great example of cultural intrusion?   habit of reading books among the people. It is a device to spread culture, education and knowledge. It changes our outlook on life and widens our domain of learning. It broadens our mind. It is a part and parcel of our national life. We enjoyed the visit tremendously. It was a memorable trip.  Book fair is very important because the it upgrades our thoughts and expands our knowledge. I was very delighted visiting such a fair and gathered some new experience there. I think every celebration of Pohela Boishakh ensure proper security should be taken. The most colorful festival Pohela Boishakh ( Bengali New Year) By Bangladesh summer tour  · Updated over a year ago Let’s Join the most colorful Festival of Bangladesh † Pohela Boishakh ( Happy New Year in Bengali)† in Summer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Bengali New Year or Pà ´hela Boishakh , occurring on 14th April, is the first day of the Bengali calendar, celebrated in Bangladesh. Bangla New Year or Pohela Boishakh connects all Ethnic Bengalis irrespective of religious and regional differences. Ethnic Bengalis across the world and from all walks of life unite to celebrate the Public or Universal Festival of Bengalis i.e. Pohela Boishakh; it’s the occasion to welcome the New-Year with a new hope of peace, prosperity and goodwill. In Bangladesh, it is a national holiday celebrated around 14th April according to the official amended calendar designed  by  the  Bangla  Academy. Pohela Boishakh celebration dates back to Mughal Emperor Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar’s reign. Akbar the Great, the renowned grandson of Zahiruddin Muhammad Babar was the 3rd Mughal Emperor. As discussed earlier; the celebrations started from Akbar’s reign. But the Public celebration of Poyela Boishakh and the large-scale organizations of cultural  events  have  started  more  recently.  The Pohela Boishakh celebrations and festivities reflect the life in rural Bengal. Usually on this day everything is washed and cleaned; people bathe early in the morning and dress in fine clothes and then go to visit relatives and friends. Special food items are prepared for the guests. Starting as a rural festival, Pohela Boishakh has now become an integral part of Bengali culture. Boishakhi Fairs are organized in many parts of Bengal. The lifestyle of rural Bengal is showcased in almost all these fairs. Various traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics, agricultural products, as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold at these fairs. The fairs also provide entertainment, with singers and dancers staging jatra (traditional plays), pala gan, kobigan, jarigan, gambhira gan, gazir gan and alkap gan. They present folk songs as well as baul, marfati, murshidi and bhatiali songs. Narrative plays like Laila-Majnu, Yusuf-Zulekha and Radha-Krishna are staged. Among other attractions of these fairs are puppet shows, merrygo-round and Giant wheels are also installed and are enjoyed by the children. The Bengali New Year begins at dawn, and the day is marked with singing, processions, and fairs. Traditionally, businesses start this day with a new ledger, clearing out the old.  People of Bangladesh enjoy a national holiday on Pohela Boishakh. All over  the country people can enjoy fairs and festivals. Singers perform traditional songs welcoming the new year. Vendors sell conventional foods and artisans sell traditional handicrafts. People enjoy traditional jatra plays. Village dwellers of Bangladesh traditionally clean their house and people usually dress up in new clothes. Like other festivals of the region, the day is marked by visiting relatives, friends and neighbors. People prepare special dishes for their guests. The rural festivities have now evolved to become vast events in the cities, especially the capital Dhaka.  In Dhaka and other large cities, the festivals begin with people gathering under a big tree. People also find any bank of a lake or river to witness the sunrise. Artists present songs to welcome the new year, particularly with Rabindranath Tagore’s well-known song â€Å"Esho, he Boishakh†. People from all spheres of life wear traditional Bengali dresses. Women wear traditional saris with their hair bedecked in flowers. Likewise, men prefer to wear traditional panjabis. A huge part of the festivities in the capital is a vivid procession organized by the students and teachers of Institute of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka. Nowadays, Pohela Boishakh celebrations also observe a day of cultural unity without distinction between class, race and religious affiliations. Of the major holidays celebrated in Bangladesh and West Bengal, only Pà ´hela Boishakh comes without any preexisting expectations. Unlike Eid ul-Fitr and Durga Pujo, where dressing up in lavish clothes has become a norm, or Christmas where exchanging gifts has become an essential part of the holiday, Pà ´hela Boishakh is about celebrating the simpler, rural roots of the Bengal. Eventually, more people can take part in the festivities without the load of having to reveal one’s class, religion, or finances. I am lucky enough that I am a Dhaka city dweller. Observance of Pohela Boishakh has become popular in Dhaka. On that day I woke up early in the morning and dressed in fine clothes. I decided to spend much of the day time visiting relatives, friends and neighbours. First I went to Ramna Park.  Large numbers of people gathered under the banyan tree at Ramna Park where Chhayanat artists opened the day with Rabindranath Tagore’s famous song, à ¦ Ã  ¦ ¸ à §â€¹, à ¦ ¹Ã  §â€¡ à ¦ ¬Ã  §Ë†Ã  ¦ ¶Ã  §â€¹Ã  ¦â€", à ¦ Ã  ¦ ¸ à §â€¹ à ¦ Ã  ¦ ¸ à §â€¹ Esho, he Boishakh, Esho Esho (Come, O Boishakh, Come, Come). A similar ceremony welcoming the New Year was also held at the Institute of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka. Students and teachers of the institute took out a colourful procession and paraded round the campus. I felt happy joining the parade. At noon, I took panta bhat   (rice soaked in water), green chilies, onion, and fried Hilsa fish. In the after noon I along with some of my friends visited a Baishaki Mela. I went around the fair and bought some earthen jewelry. At about 4 pm I went to Jatiya Press Club where a cultural was held. I saw a lot of prominent and leading artists over there. They delivered their informative speeches on the significance of the day. At about 7 pm I came back home with a cheerful mind.